The back room (1978) is the sixth novel by the Spanish writer Carmen Martín Gaite. Written in the form of a memoir, a mystery story, and a metaliterary reflection on literary creation, this work obtained the National Narrative Award in 1978.
The novel is considered a key piece of contemporary Spanish literature for its original blend of reality and fantasy, and for its profound exploration of personal and collective memory. Below we present a detailed summary of The back room, along with information about its historical context, its main themes, prominent figures, and the relevance of this novel in contemporary Spanish literature.
Summary The back room: plot of the novel
The story takes place during a mysterious sleepless night, where the protagonist intertwines memories and fantasies in a long conversation. The novel begins with Carmen, the protagonist (a mature writer who identifies with the author herself), lying in her bed in a state of light sleep.
In that semi-vigilance, the thoughts and memories of Carmen They crowd together, mixing scenes from her childhood with literary reveries, unable to clearly distinguish between what is real and what is imagined. Unable to sleep, she decides to get up and search through her old sewing box. As it falls over and its contents spill out, each object found—photographs, letters, buttons—transports her to different episodes in her past.
For example, she finds an old love letter that immediately makes her relive a scene on the beach where she met a love from her youth.unprofesor.comThese memories emerge freely, showing everything from small everyday details to vivid recollections of his childhood during the Civil War.
In the midst of that nostalgic night, Carmen She is awakened completely by the sound of her intercom. When she answers, a unknown man claims to have come to interview her, although she does not remember agreeing to any interview. Still, intrigued, she allows him to go up to her apartment. This enigmatic character, described as wearing a black trench coat (which is why he is called the man in black), sits down with Carmen in the living room and they both begin to chat.
What follows is a long and intimate conversation that covers numerous topics: they talk about literature, about dreams, about Carmen's childhood, and even about life during the Civil War and the Franco dictatorship. As the hours pass, the memories of the protagonist are emerging with greater force. The man acts as an attentive interlocutor, asking questions and making comments, encouraging Carmen to reminisce and reflect. Throughout this evening, reality and fantasy continually intertwine in the dialogue.
At one point in the conversation, Carmen gets up to make tea in the kitchen. As he does so, he is surprised to find himself face to face with the back room In her house, a previously closed storage room. This back room, which was once a playroom in her childhood, appears before her eyes, filled with objects and memories from the past. Carmen feels as if this space has emerged almost magically, as if it had been hidden until then.
Understand that You can only “see” this room clearly when your mind is free and open to memories deeper. The back room is thus revealed as a physical and symbolic place: it is the corner of the house where her childhood toys and diaries are kept, but it also represents the storehouse of her memory and imagination. This discovery intensifies the dreamlike atmosphere of the night.
When Carmen returns to the living room with the tea, the conversation with the man in black changes tone. They begin to talk about more personal and political topics; they evoke the situation in Spain during the Franco regime and how that reality marked the protagonist's life. During this conversation, He offers Carmen some golden pills, mysterious pills that supposedly help her remember even more forgotten events in her life. Eager to continue exploring her memory, she takes the pills. Under their effects (which could be real or imagined), Carmen feels she's accessing deeply buried memories, and the line between what's happening in reality and what's happening in her mind becomes increasingly blurred.
During the same evening, a disconcerting event occurs: the house's landline phone rings. Carmen answers it and listens to a woman, named Carola, who asks anxiously about someone called AlexanderThe man in black, present there, tells him in a low voice that, if the call is for him, he should say that he has already left.
Carmen tells the woman that the mysterious visitor is not there. Carola, on the other end of the line, seems be the wife of this Alejandro (possibly the man in black), and between sobs mentions having found letters signed with a “C.” The brief telephone conversation ends ambiguously: Carmen fails to clarify the situation, and is left wondering who Carola really is and what her relationship is with her enigmatic guest. This episode increases the mystery in the novel, raising questions about the true identity of the man in black (is he Alejandro? Has he escaped his everyday life?) and further blurring the line between reality and Carmen's imagination.
After hanging up the phone, Carmen and the man continue their interaction. She begins to feel tired from the intensity At night. In a fit of fatigue, Carmen asks her guest to look after her papers and belongings for a moment while she rests on the sofa. At this point, the narrator begins to question everything she is experiencing: she comes to suspect that the man in black it's not entirely real, as she finds in him traits that seem strangely familiar to her. In fact, Carmen notices that This man resembles a character in the novel she herself has been writing.This revelation suggests that the interlocutor could be a creation of his mind, a sort of figure emerging from his own creative process.
Finally, the climax and conclusion of the novel occur subtly. Carmen closes her eyes, overcome by sleep, for a few minutes. When she wakes up again, she finds herself back in his bed, alone, with the light of dawn streaming through the window. There's no trace of the man in black in the house: his trench coat and hat are gone, and the phone no longer rings. For a moment, Carmen doubts whether everything that happened that night was real or a dream. However, she notices something extraordinary beside her: On the nightstand is a complete manuscript, a set of typewritten folios titled The back room.
That is, the novel that Carmen (and Martín Gaite) have written has materialized. All the elements experienced during the night—the conversation, the memories, the fantasies—seem to have been poured into this text. In the final pages, Carmen's daughter enters the room to wake her, finding her with the manuscript. The daughter's presence (a young woman of the new generation) brings Carmen back to the real world with a morning kiss. The novel ends just as it began., with the protagonist in bed, but now with the written work at her side. The reader is left wondering how much of what she read was literally real or a metaphorical construction by the writer during her sleepless night. This circular and ambiguous ending reinforces the character metafictional of The back room, because the story we have read is, in fact, the novel that the protagonist herself wrote during the night.
Historical and literary context of The back room
The back room It is framed in a very specific historical context of Spain: the memories that Carmen evokes span from the years of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and the harsh postwar period, until the last days of the Franco dictatorship (1939-1975)The narrative mentions, for example, the bombings in Salamanca that Carmen experienced as a child and the omnipresence of Franco's figure during her youth.
Through the protagonist's memoirs, the novel reflects the oppressive atmosphere of education and society in those years—with censorship, exile of intellectuals, and political repression—while also showing the yearning for freedom of the generation that grew up under the regime. after Franco's death in 1975, at the very beginning of the democratic transition, the work can also be read as a catharsis: it involves recovering and bring silenced memories to light during decades of dictatorship. In fact, Martín Gaite introduces into the text some veiled criticism of Francoism already the society of his time, something that was only possible to express openly once the censorship of the regime ended.
On the literary level, The back room It belongs to the Spanish narrative of the late 70s, within the so-called literature of the Transition (the Spanish novel from 1975 onwards). In contrast to the previous generation of postwar novelists, who often practiced a social realism testimonial, Carmen Martín Gaite opts here for a novel and more intimate to narrate.
The author, who had stood out in the 1950s with realistic novels such as Between curtains, evolves in this work towards the formal experimentation and the metafiction. The back room It resists being pigeonholed into a single genre: it combines elements of fantasy novel, of autobiographical memoirs and of reflective essayIn fact, it has been said that with this novel Martín Gaite “inaugurates an absolutely original genre” which combines mystery novels, memoirs, and reflections on the craft of writing itself. This fusion of genres—rare in Spanish literature of the time—placed the work at the forefront of narrative trends.
Another important contextual aspect is that The back room provides a female perspective to the postwar experience. Carmen Martín Gaite was part of the Generation of '50, a group of postwar writers, but she was one of the few women of her generation to achieve widespread literary notoriety. In this novel, the author portrays everyday experiences from the perspective of a woman (Carmen) growing up and living in a world dominated by traditional values. This feminine approach, in dialogue with collective history, enriches the context of the work and distinguishes it within the narrative panorama of its time.
In summary, The back room was born at a time of historical and literary change: a Spain awakening to democracy and a narrative experimenting with new forms. The work serves as a bridge between the historical memory (the reality of a bygone era) and the literary innovation (the original way of telling it), making that context an essential part of its meaning.
Main topics of The back room
Carmen Martín Gaite's novel explores a variety of deep themes, intertwined through memories, symbols and dialogues. The central themes of the story are highlighted below. The back room:
- Memory and identity: The axis of the novel is the reconstruction of the past. Carmen revisits episodes from her childhood, adolescence and youth (many linked to the Civil War and the postwar period) and, in telling them, he tries understand your own identityPersonal memory is intertwined with the collective memory of a difficult historical period.
Throughout the night conversation, the protagonist weaves together memories to give meaning to her life, showing how the passage of time time and the recollection of what she's experienced shape who she is in the present. This theme is also evident in the book's very structure: the narrative jumps between different periods of Carmen's life, reflecting the fragmented way in which memory works. - Reality and fantasy: The back room constantly blurs the boundary between the real and the imaginary. Many events in the novel are ambiguous in nature: for example, it is not clear whether the man in black It's either a real being or a projection of Carmen's imagination. Similarly, the appearance of the back room filled with memories can be interpreted literally or symbolically.
The protagonist even ingests some magic pills to stimulate your memory, which adds an almost dreamlike element. In the end, the reader is left wondering what events actually occurred and which were the narrator's dreams or fantasies. This deliberate ambiguity serves to emphasize how Carmen's inner reality (her thoughts and dreams) is just as important as her outer reality. dreamlike tone and almost surreal The novel underlines this theme, turning reading into an experience where wakefulness and sleep intermingle. - Metafiction and literary creation: A meta-literary theme runs throughout the work. The back room not only tells a story, but reflect on the act of narratingThe novel is, in essence, a long conversation that generates the text of another novel (the one Carmen herself writes). In this way, Martín Gaite turns the writing process into part of the plot: we witness how the protagonist finds inspiration in her memories and in her interlocutor to create literature.
In the end, we discover that the novel we've been reading is the same one the narrator wrote during the night, which is a classic metafictional twist. The work has been considered “an essay on the craft of writing, a memoir, and a fantasy novel… but, above all, it's a long conversation.”. This conversation represents the author's search for a interlocutor —real or imaginary— that allows you to express yourself, in a kind of dialogue with the reader. In short, The back room meditate on how and why a novel is written, making literary creation an explicit theme within fiction. - Loneliness and communication: Linked to the above, the topic of the loneliness of the protagonist and her need to communicate. Carmen finds herself alone in her room at the beginning, surrounded only by her memories. The appearance of the man in black can be interpreted as her mechanism for overcoming this loneliness: create an ideal interlocutor to listen to her. He plays the role of attentive confidant, giving Carmen the impetus to verbalize her most intimate thoughts.
This highlights the human need for dialogue and companionship. The protagonist, in her isolation, invent (or attracts) someone to talk to for hours, which shows us how much she longs to be understood. The novel emphasizes that talk (Telling her story) helps Carmen organize her inner world. Even when that "someone" may not be real, communication becomes therapeutic. This theme reflects Martín Gaite's own conception of writing as a conversation with oneself and with the reader. Carmen's loneliness finds relief thanks to the nighttime conversation, which has a powerful symbolic effect: writing (or speaking) is a way to stop being alone. - The role of women under Franco: Through Carmen's memories, the novel offers a subtle critique of the situation of the women in Spanish society from the mid-20th century. Various passages reflect the limitations and expectations that weighed on women during the dictatorship. For example, Carmen recalls the story of her own mother, a woman with intellectual concerns who They denied the opportunity to study a university degree for being a “man's thing” at that time. It also mentions Carmencita Franco (the dictator's daughter) as a symbol of the idealized and controlled image of women in the regime.
The protagonist, by recalling these experiences, is highlighting the repression of women's freedom and the lack of voice that women suffered. The back room addresses issues such as imposed domestic role, gender-segregated education, and the censorship of female sexuality and creativity during those years. Carmen herself, being a woman and a writer, represents a figure of resistance to these social molds. In short, the novel weaves a reflection on the female identity During the Franco era, depicting both frustrations and small acts of rebellion (for example, the imaginative space in the back room where she could be free as a child). This approach adds an important feminist layer to the play's themes. - Desire for freedom and refuge in the imagination: In contrast to the oppressive external environment (historical and personal), the novel exalts the imagination as an escape route. Since she was a child, Carmen learned to take refuge in fictional worlds to cope with the restrictive reality. A clear example is the invention of Bergai Island along with a childhood friend: that imaginary place in the back room served as a place for them to play and escape from problems during the war.
Similarly, in her adulthood, Carmen turns to fantasy (the mysterious night interviewer, magic pills, dreams) to achieve a freedom that real life denies her. back room symbolizes that space of inner freedom: It is the corner where unfulfilled dreams and desires are kept, a private space not monitored by the dictatorship or social norms. Throughout the book, one senses an intense longing for freedom, whether political freedom (end the dictatorship), creative freedom (being able to write without constraints) or personal freedom (being oneself without masks). Each fantastical digression, each nostalgic memory, functions as an act of liberation from the censorship and rigid morality of Franco's Spain. Therefore, imagination in The back room It is not a mere gratuitous fantasy, but a necessary shelter and almost revolutionary for the protagonist.
Main characters
Despite its apparent simplicity (a conversation in a room), The back room presents several characters, real or imaginary, who play crucial roles in the thematic development of the novel. These are the most prominent figures:
- Carmen: Protagonist, narrator, and alter ego of the author. Carmen is a middle-aged writer who, throughout a sleepless night, carries out a profound introspective analysis of her life. Her name is never explicitly mentioned in the novel (she is occasionally identified with "C."), but it is clear that she is a reflection of Carmen Martín Gaite. Through her memories, we learn about her childhood marked by the Civil War, her youth under Franco's regime, and her current reflections. Carmen is a woman curious, sensitive and lucid, in need of dialogue.
Her personality is gradually revealed through the stories she tells: she ranges from the frightened little girl in the air raid shelters, to the widowed mother and writer she is today in the story. give meaning to their identity, Carmen starts a conversation with the man in black, to whom she tells her life story. Ultimately, Carmen is the creator: All the other characters could be emanations of her mind. She represents the living memory and voice of a woman seeking to understand herself by narrating her past. - The Man in Black (Alejandro): An enigmatic night visitor who triggers the action. He arrives dressed entirely in black and his identity remains undefined: He introduces himself as an interviewer, but we never know for sure who or what he is. As the evening progresses, this mysterious man emerges more as a symbol than a real person. He's an ideal interlocutor for Carmen: patient, inquisitive at just the right moment, knowledgeable about the topics that interest her. His questions and comments guide the protagonist through her memories.
However, he also displays supernatural or fantastic traits (for example, he appears out of nowhere, he knows surprising details about Carmen's life, he offers almost magical pills). The novel suggests that the man in black is actually a the narrator's pretext to give free rein to her fantasy, that is, a creation of Carmen's to be able to dialogue with herself. Even her real name, Alexander, is only mentioned indirectly through Carola's call, which casts doubt on its veracity.
In literary terms, this character acts as a catalyst: thanks to him, stories emerge and writing takes place The back room. It also personifies the mystery and it a stranger: could be interpreted as the incarnation of creative act (an imaginary muse or alter ego of the author) or even as an echo of some character from the novels that Carmen read/wrote. The man in black, with his intriguing attitude and uncertain origin, provides the fantastic and suspense to the story. - Carola: Supporting but notable character, Carola She is the woman who calls asking for “Alejandro.” Although she never physically appears on the scene, her brief appearance adds another layer to the story. Carola identifies herself as Andalusian, from Puerto Real (Cádiz), and from the context we understand that she could be the wife (or partner) of the man in black. In her call, Carola is emotional, even dramatic: she cries over Alejandro's disappearance and mentions having discovered letters addressed to him. Her way of speaking and her role are reminiscent of a character in a romantic or serial novel (not in vain, Martín Gaite herself characterizes her as “almost comical with a certain soap opera feel”).
Carola fulfills two main functions: on the one hand, increases the enigma around the man in black (does he have a real life outside Carmen's room? What do those letters mean?); on the other hand, it introduces a touch of humor and irony, since her telephone appearance is unexpected and somewhat absurd within the dreamlike atmosphere of the night. After the conversation with Carmen, Carola doesn't intervene again, leaving us without clear answers. It could be interpreted that, like the man in black, Carola is another element of the fiction created by Carmen—a sort of character taken from an old novel who sneaks into her dream. In any case, her brief but vivid presence broadens the fictional universe of the work and provides an external feminine counterpoint to the protagonist's loneliness. - Carmen's daughter: He appears only at the end, but his role is significant. This daughter (whose name is not mentioned in the novel, although in reality Carmen Martín Gaite's daughter was called Marta) is a young university student who belongs to a later generation, that of the already democratic Spain. She arrives in the morning to wake her mother, finding her asleep with the finished manuscript of The back roomThe daughter represents the continuity of real life: her entrance marks the end of the night of introspection and the return to everyday life. She is described affectionately and with admiration; we know that she studies Philology and that she reads a foreign author that her mother (Gaite) translated in real life, a metatextual detail that suggests the overlap between fiction and reality. This character also symbolizes the hope and freedom of a new era: unlike Carmen, her daughter has grown up in a more open environment, without war or dictatorship.
His brief interaction (a kiss, a few words) with Carmen at the end acts as alarm clock literal and figurative. In literary terms, the daughter is the element that anchors the protagonist to the present, preventing her from getting completely lost in the labyrinth of her memories. Her tenderness and normality contrast with the disturbing figure of the man in black. Thus, the novel closes on this note of familial warmth and simple reality, balancing the intense introspection that precedes it. Carmen's daughter, although secondary, adds depth to the protagonist's character (she shows us her maternal side) and reinforces the theme of the passage of time: generations change, and with them, our perspective on the past.
Relevance and importance of The back room
Since its publication, The back room has enjoyed well-deserved recognition and has left a lasting mark on Spanish literature. In 1978, the novel was awarded the National Literature Award (Narrative), and Carmen Martín Gaite became the first woman in receiving this prestigious award. Such an award was a milestone, not only for the author, but also for the visibility of women writers in the Spanish literary scene. The jury and critics praised the work's originality, its elegant fusion of genres, and the depth with which it addressed historical memory. Thanks to The back room, Martín Gaite consolidated her place as one of the most important narrators of the late 20th century in Spain.
Over time, the novel has established itself as a contemporary classicIts academic and cultural relevance is evident in the fact that it is often recommended reading (even compulsory in high school) for students studying the Spanish Transition and post-Franco literature. For example, in some regions of Spain it has been included The back room on the university entrance exam reading lists, recognizing its literary and testimonial value. Professors, students, and critics analyze it for its unique style and for the window it opens into daily life during the dictatorship from an intimate perspective. This has kept the work alive in the collective memory and has led new generations of readers to discover and appreciate it.
The novel is also highly regarded for its innovative contributionMartín Gaite is considered to have paved the way with this work, demonstrating that it was possible to create quality literature by combining autobiographical narrative with fantastical elements and essayistic reflections. The back room has been described as a novel fundamental for his pioneering exploration of historical and personal memory of women during the Franco regime.
In other words, it represented a novel approach to telling the story of that period: not through epic grandiloquence, but through introspection and subjectivity. This approach has influenced later writers who have addressed the Civil War and the dictatorship from more intimate or experimental angles. Furthermore, the way the novel treats the figure of the narrator and plays with metafiction has been the subject of numerous studies, placing it alongside other European and Latin American postmodern works of the late 20th century.
Another point of importance is the contribution of The back room to the female voice in literature. By recovering the memoirs of a postwar woman, the novel filled a void in the narrative of the era. Carmen Martín Gaite managed to articulate the experiences, fears, and dreams of an entire generation of women who had remained secondary in official historical texts. Therefore, her work has resonated deeply with readers interested in the gender perspective in literature. The authenticity and frankness with which everyday situations (children's games, family relationships, intellectual aspirations) are described through the lens of a female protagonist make this novel an early reference point for feminist-conscious literature in Spain.
The validity of The back room remains to this day. Proof of this is that in 2025 A theatrical adaptation of the novel was staged, with dramaturgy by María Folguera and direction by Rakel Camacho. This recent adaptation indicates that the work's themes and narrative magic continue to resonate with today's audiences, more than forty years after its first appearance. Furthermore, the ongoing studies, editions (for example, critical editions by publishers such as Cátedra), and translations into other languages corroborate its status as a modern classic.
In conclusion, The back room is much more than the summary of a night of memory and sleep: is a novel rich in nuances that has marked contemporary Spanish literature. Its combination of personal and collective history, its formal audacity and its emotionality make it essential reading to understand not only an era (the post-war period and the Transition), but also the mechanisms of the memory and the creativity.
For its literary quality and human depth, Carmen Martín Gaite's novel remains an essential reference point in literary studies and a beloved work among readers interested in 20th-century Spanish literature. The back room It endures as a fictional testimony of memory, imagination, and inner freedom in difficult times., reaffirming the power of literature to illuminate the most hidden corners of our history and of ourselves.